probation in pennsylvania 0 (37) Contact. Baker’s bipartisan comprehensive probation reform bill, SB 913, will improve public safety and produce millions of dollars … While often available to first-time, nonviolent offenders, the types of Philadelphia probation vary based on the person’s background and the specific … For Probation Cases: You must report to the probation office in the federal judicial district where you are authorized to reside within 72 hours of the time you were sentenced, unless the probation officer instructs you to report … Can I move if I am on probation in Pennsylvania? VIDEO | Philadelphia Criminal Defense Attorney | Lento Law Firm Home Contact Us 215. Publicación de Kameron Middlebrooks Kameron Middlebrooks Give Life Back @REFORM 6 días Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. That’s why you need an experienced criminal defense attorney on your side representing you every step of the way. Kates, 452 Pa. The Pennsylvania Senate is currently considering a bill, Senate Bill 14, that would reform probation in the commonwealth by capping probation terms and mandating early termination of probation after a certain period with no … The average Probation Officer salary in Williamstown, NJ is $50,132 as of February 27, 2023, but the salary range typically falls between $44,612 and $57,152. 037 Pa. This rule does not govern parole cases under the jurisdiction of the Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole, but applies only to the defendants who can be paroled by a judge. Governor Josh Shapiro; Directory; State House; State Senate; Juvenile Probation MISSION STATEMENT In Montgomery County, the juvenile justice system is dedicated to ensuring that citizens live in safety, that victims are restored to the extent possible and that juvenile offenders are held accountable and develop competencies to become positive members of society. . I understand that if I leave the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania at any time I may be directed to return to Pennsylvania. A VOP hearing occurs when a defendant violates a judge’s probation. increased military air traffic 2022 2016 toyota corolla door lock problems; hypercalcemia due to vitamin d toxicity treatment ice bear 150cc scooter top speed; codeword issue 1 page 5 x2 emv software free download 2022; ursuline basketball schedule If you have been charged with a crime in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, probation may be a strong alternative to prison. They are basically the same whether the person is on probation, parole, military parole, mandatory release, or supervised release. 5353 Home … Probation & Pretrial Info FAQs Probation Q: What is the procedure for the drug testing program also known as Code-A-Phone Answering Service? Answer Q: How can I have my probation/supervised release terminated early? Answer Q: I have a family member/friend who is scheduled to be released from prison. 478. (610) 430-3535. Many individual crimes have different maximum sentences than the standard one. The probation office has over 70 employees including probation officers and administrative support positions. 5353 Home … Contact Our Criminal Defense Law Firm in West Chester, PA. Interstate Probation and Parole. 9 (e) (4) and (5). Pennsylvania State Police Central Repository – 164 1800 Elmerton Avenue Harrisburg PA 17110-9758 Phone: (888) 783-7972 (Help Desk) Free public criminal records check in Pennsylvania is possible. By providing external links to other sites, the Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole does not guarantee, approve, or endorse the information or products available at these … The PA Parole Board provides opportunities for a rewarding career serving the Commonwealth and its citizens. There are two types of employment classifications at the Pennsylvania Parole Board: Civil Service and Non-Civil Service. Chapter 98, provides a mechanism to . 0 Contact 267-326 … By right-sizing probation terms, Rep. Home plan investigations typically take up to 45 days to complete for an in-state (Pennsylvania) home plan. I will make every effort to obtain and maintain employment and support my dependent(s). Language contained within this new … The mission of the Montgomery County Adult Probation and Parole department is to partner in protecting public safety that promotes justice through community supervision. Contact Our Pennsylvania Probation and Parole Lawyers for Advice. There is no right to parole under state or federal law. The jail time for probation violations in Pennsylvania varies based on the charge and the times of offense. If deemed appropriate, I will abstain . Juvenile Probation MISSION STATEMENT In Montgomery County, the juvenile justice system is dedicated to ensuring that citizens live in safety, that victims are restored to the extent possible and that juvenile offenders are held accountable and develop competencies to become positive members of society. Add To Compare. § 314. Salary ranges can vary widely depending on the city and many other important factors, including education, certifications, additional skills, the number of years you have spent in your profession. 2. Let’s be smart on crime and incentivize people to get their education and stay gainfully employed. Main Office 530 Port Indian Rd. My place of employment must be approved by my probation officer. Further, my failure to pay my fine, costs, and restitution as directed by the . Norristown, PA 19403 Get Directions. Probation is normally granted at a Pennsylvania judge’s discretion. Willow Grove, PA 19090 Get Directions Average salary for Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Probation And Parole Officer in Hamburg, PA: [salary]. 285, 507 A. See also Georgevich v. Sec 780-117, is a probationary program that is not offered in all counties in Pennsylvania and has different components depending on the county where you are charged. The hearing will occur within two days of the date of the arrest. r. An out-of-state home plan is valid for 120 days. us. (2) The county intermediate punishment plan, as described in 42 Pa. We can help you advocate for your rights and hopefully get you home to your family. There are two types of potential violations: technical violations and direct violations. This . 0 Contact 267-326 … submit urine sample(s) and/or breathalyzer upon request of my probation/parole officer. The Probation Office headquarters is By right-sizing probation terms, Rep. Phone: (717) 780-6900. Fax: (717) 558-1083. The judge will sign off on your probation. 5353 215. For Probation Cases: You must report to the probation office in the federal judicial district where you are authorized to reside within 72 hours of the time you were sentenced, unless the probation officer instructs you to report … My place of employment must be approved by my probation officer. S. 535. (ii) Sentence recommendations which include an option of county intermediate punishment programs as restrictive conditions of probation for certain offenders are described in § 303. There are a few different steps to take when an individual violates probation laws in Pennsylvania, according to Title 42 of the Pennsylvania Code § 9771. 4. PA Parole Board. Decrease instability in our workforces and families. The Zuckerman Law Firm has helped clients under the following scenarios: Successful extensions of probation to allow further time to … The jail time for probation violations in Pennsylvania varies based on the charge and the times of offense. Top Services. The ICAOS rules outline criteria necessary . "As the Director, I take tremendous pride to institute a leadership philosophy that focuses on community protection, the enhancement of public safety and ensuring that probation and parole policies and practices are guided by evidence-based practices that demonstrate . The Zuckerman Law Firm has helped clients under the following scenarios: Successful extensions of probation to allow further time to … A: Probation allows a person convicted of a crime the chance to remain in the community instead of going to jail. An individual who violates probation for the second time receives a maximum jail time of seven days. Probation Departments Pennsylvania There are 66 Probation Departments in Pennsylvania, serving a population of 12,790,505 people in an area of 44,732 square … Phone: (724) 465-3831 Location Courthouse AKA Indiana County Courthouse Probation Categories County & Parish Government, Probation Services Add Photos Be the first to add a photo! Details Phone: (724) 465-3820 Address: 825 Philadelphia St, Indiana, PA 15701 View similar County & Parish Government 1 day ago · BRISTOL, Pennsylvania (WPVI) -- A Pennsylvania state trooper was treated for minor injuries following a vehicle crash on Monday morning in Bristol, Bucks County. The Probation Office headquarters is The average Probation Officer salary in Pennsylvania is $47,122 as of February 27, 2023, but the range typically falls between $41,933 and $53,720. You may have other outstanding financial obligations with the courts of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Must complete 40 hours of training per year. The … The Probation Officer plays a pivotal role in carrying out the work of the Court and furthering the primary mission of Probation Services to ensure the safety and protection of the community,. This type of consequence allows you to remain in the community, but under specific conditions and the supervision of a local probation officer. The Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole (Board) conducts several types of hearings. In both cases, a person must follow certain court-ordered procedures and avoid getting into trouble with the law. How Does Probation Work in Pennsylvania? | Philadelphia Criminal Defense Attorney | Lento Law Firm Home Contact Us 215. It’s far past time to address this crisis. 2d 701 (1973). 85 an hour View all 2 available locations View all 5 available locations Includes contacts with child, family members, and collateral contacts such as children and youth caseworkers, juvenile probation officers, law enforcement… Posted 11 days ago · Pennsylvania Probation and Parole Frequently Asked Questions | Philadelphia Criminal Defense Attorney | Lento Law Firm Home Contact Us 215. Call The Law Offices of Lloyd Long … ATHENS, Ga. Lower recidivism. The company's filing status is listed as Active and its File Number is 272221. We will enforce Court orders and meet community expectations by holding offenders accountable and offering meaningful opportunities that foster positive behavioral change. 1. Successful completion of Basic Probation/Parole Training Academy or Orientation classes and testing. Please fully answer … Your PO will inform the judge that you have completed the terms of your probation. Baker’s bipartisan comprehensive probation reform bill, SB 913, will improve public safety and produce millions of dollars in savings. The employment process for both job types are separate and are administered by organizations separate from the Parole Board. Begin Main Content Area GET ANSWERS To most-often asked questions . Payments may be made using Visa, Mastercard, Discover or American Express credit/debit cards or by ATM card only. If you are facing criminal charges and need legal help, contact the West Chester, PA criminal defense lawyers at DiCindioLaw, LLC to schedule a free initial consultation. The restrictive probation program or RPP is a sentencing alternative that is offered in Chester County for eligible people who apply with the Probation and Parole Department. 11. i’m finished probation !!!!! after 18 long months of stress i’m finally done ! took my last etg test yesterday and she had me sign some forms and said to stay the hell out of her office . For a list of conditions, see the the standard conditions of probation. An in-state home plan is valid for 150 days. At this point you are legally off probation. Satellite Office 102 Old York Rd. THE PENNSYLVANIA ASSOCIATION ON PROBATION, PAROLE, AND CORRECTION is a Pennsylvania Domestic Non-Profit (Non Stock) filed on May 11, 1971. County Firearms Training and Education . 3200 ext. If the conditions have been met, the court will enter an Order granting the petition and you will receive a copy in the mail. Section 9101 et seq. ) may be subject to civil liability as set forth in 18 . Code § 303. 0/5. ACLU of Pennsylvania. Based on 7 salaries posted anonymously by Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Probation And Parole Officer employees in Hamburg, PA. Proudly founded in 1681 as a place of tolerance and freedom. Inmates/parolees have specific rights at each hearing, which are given to them verbally and in writing. We call upon our elected leaders in Harrisburg to prioritize . By reforming Pennsylvania's probation system with evidence-based policies, we can: Safely reduce the number of people unnecessarily under supervision. Weed@montgomerycountypa. One way to do this is to request a fee waiver directly from the record custodian. Berks County Adult Probation and Parole Berks County Services Center - 7th Floor 633 Court Street Reading, PA 19601 610. 2d 812 (1986). When a defendant (the person charged with a . (1) ActionAIDS (1) St. 2018 County Adult Probation and Parole Annual Statistical Report. 204 Pa. The ICAOS rules outline criteria necessary to facilitate an interstate transfer. Parole and Probation Attorney serving Schwenksville, PA Offers Video Calls | Open for Business Peer Reviews None Contact 215-309-8503 View Website Add To Compare Vincent P. The company's principal address is 2149 N 2nd St Harrisburg, Dauphin PA-17. Pennsylvannia Probation Early Termination There are ways to terminate your probation early in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Probation Violation Laws. West Chester, PA 19382. In mid-December 2019, Governor Wolf signed Act 115 of 2019 otherwise known as JRI 2 – Justice Reinvestment Initiative – into law. Parole decisions in Pennsylvania are not subject to judicial review unless the prisoner asserts a constitutional challenge to … Pennsylvania Board of Probation And Parole is located at 2630 N 13th St #100, Philadelphia, PA 19133 People often confuse probation and parole in … Probation can be defined as an alternative to imprisonment for someone who is convicted of or pleads guilty to a criminal offense. 26. gov. C. Sheryl Gershman-Weed, Juvenile Probation Deputy Chief Sheryl. : : PROBATION/PAROLE VIOLATION STIPULATION You have indicated your desire to stipulate to being in violation of your probation/parole. Previous reports on County Adult Probation and Parole can be found … Criminal Probation in Pennsylvania – General Facts. See 61 P. If a home plan request is denied, the reasons for the denial are not given to the inmate or to any family member or friend of the inmate. PA 17110-9758. us/CaseSearch (Pennsylvania Unified Judicial System). 119 specifies that these types of probationers must have at least eight to 12 meetings with their probation officer each month, in addition to “a requirement … Juvenile Probation MISSION STATEMENT In Montgomery County, the juvenile justice system is dedicated to ensuring that citizens live in safety, that victims are restored to the extent possible and that juvenile offenders are held accountable and develop competencies to become positive members of society. Ph: 610-630-2252 Fx: 610-630-1749. 9/5. This is… The Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole (Board) conducts several types of hearings. More detailed information about parole decision-making and community supervision can be found at the Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole web site at www. Peer Reviews. To learn whether the offender in your case may have special probation, contact the Office of the Victim Advocate at 1-800-563-6399. Parole and Probation Attorney serving Schwenksville, PA. Offenders have the right . Luke's University Health Network (1) Eagleville Hospital (1) EDSI Solutions (1) Self Help Movement (1) CDL A Driver . View Website. 102, 305 A. Monday – Friday 8:00 am to 4:30 pm . The Probation Office headquarters is A special probationer or parolee is subject to the following conditions: (1) Be under the supervision of a district office or suboffice and not leave that district without prior written permission of the parole supervision staff. The crash happened on. PA 19404. Employers who do not comply with the provisions of the Criminal History Record Information Act (18 Pa. If you are facing criminal charges or have already been convicted and are awaiting parole, contact our Pennsylvania probation and parole lawyers for help. Any type of local municipal citation must be paid to the local municipality. 9 and § 303. 5 letter words with a as the 2nd letter and s as the 4th letter. 29 S Walnut St. 5353 Home Contact Us About Our Firm Attorney Profile The Lento Law Firm Team Reviews Media Coverage Resources Locations Additional Firm Practice Areas Areas of Defense Protection from … In Pennsylvania, a court may sentence an offender to supervised or unsupervised probation. "As the Director, I take tremendous pride to institute a leadership philosophy that focuses on … All Companies PHMC (8) Health Promotion Council (8) Montgomery County Pennsylvania (5) Montgomery County (PA) (4) City of Philadelphia (3) Philadelphia Fight (1) Access Services (1) Social Work p. 215-716-1285. The Interstate Compact for Adult Offender Supervision (ICAOS) is an agreement among the 50 states, District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U. Pennsylvania law sets upper limits on the maximum terms in most sentences, depending on the degree of misdemeanor: First-degree misdemeanor: five years. These rules are called the conditions of supervision. Sec 780-117, is a probationary program that is not offered in all counties in … Sheryl Gershman-Weed, Juvenile Probation Deputy Chief Sheryl. If you are facing an ARD Probation Violation in Allegheny County and Western Pennsylvania, contact the Zuckerman Law Firm immediately at 412-447-5580 to schedule a free telephone consultation. BRISTOL, Pennsylvania (WPVI) -- A Pennsylvania state trooper was treated for minor injuries . However, you will have to comply with all of the conditions of your probation or parole to avoid potentially being sent to jail or back to prison. School Based Juvenile Probation Officer (PO2) Centre County, Pennsylvania Bellefonte, PA 16823 $23. It is the overall mission of probation departments to protect … If you receive a probationary sentence or are released from prison on parole in Pennsylvania, you will be able to be home with your family and to work instead of spending time behind bars. Probation, on the other hand, is a sentencing order that allows a person convicted of a crime to remain out of jail altogether. (2) Obtain the written permission of the parole supervision staff before changing his residence. Nearly 400 days of county, and 4 1/2 years of court/Probation Later, it’s safe to say IM OFFICIALLY DONEEE. Year End Inmate Statistics (as of December 31 of each year) Recidivism 2022 Recidivism Report (pdf) 2013 Recidivism Report (pdf) State Intermediate Punishment Reports Probation Services. Willow Grove, PA 19090 Get Directions If you are facing an ARD Probation Violation in Allegheny County and Western Pennsylvania, contact the Zuckerman Law Firm immediately at 412-447-5580 to schedule a free telephone consultation. The average probation officer in Pennsylvania is managing about 100 cases. Most of those. Salary ranges can vary widely depending on many important factors, including education , certifications, additional skills, the number of years you have spent in your profession. The maximum jail time for an individual who violates probation for the …. You will also have to pay a minimum fine of $1,000, serve 10 days in home confinement or residential treatment, complete at least 30 hours of community service, and serve up to the statutory maximum term of restrictive probation. Jul 18, 2019 · There are two general categories of probation violations in Pennsylvania: technical violations and new criminal offenses. udhayanidhi stalin latest tweet; All Companies PHMC (8) Health Promotion Council (8) Montgomery County Pennsylvania (5) Montgomery County (PA) (4) City of Philadelphia (3) Philadelphia Fight (1) Access Services (1) Social Work p. At all Board hearings, offenders have the right to disclosure of evidence in support of the violations charged against them. Virgin Islands that governs how and when states can transfer probation and parole supervision authority across state lines. Chad Libby. See reviews, photos, directions, phone numbers and more for Probation Division locations in Gibsonia, PA. Depending on the terms of your probation, … County Probation and Parole. The Probation Office headquarters is Parole and Probation Attorney serving Schwenksville, PA Offers Video Calls | Open for Business Peer Reviews None Contact 215-309-8503 View Website Add To Compare Vincent P. Pennsylvania’s Section 17 Probation for First Time Offenders Section 17, although authorized by the Pennsylvania statutes at 35 P. Section 17, although authorized by the Pennsylvania statutes at 35 P. Pennsylvania’s Section 17 Probation for First Time Offenders. Norristown, … PA Parole Board > County Map > Philadelphia PHILADELPHIA ADULT PROBATION DEPARTMENT 714 Market Street, 6th Floor | Philadelphia, PA 19106 Phone: … Adult Probation Office to verify the case status and whether the conditions have been met. If the court is unable to verify that the conditions have been met, an order will be entered scheduling a hearing and you will All Companies PHMC (8) Health Promotion Council (8) Montgomery County Pennsylvania (5) Montgomery County (PA) (4) City of Philadelphia (3) Philadelphia Fight (1) Access Services (1) Social Work p. Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County, 510 Pa. 1 day ago · A Pennsylvania state trooper was involved in a vehicle crash on Monday morning in Bristol, Bucks County. Probation is a court-ordered period of correctional supervision to be served in the community, generally in lieu of incarceration. Until the judge signs the termination order, you are still technically on probation, but it … 2018 County Adult Probation and Parole Annual Statistical Report Previous reports on County Adult Probation and Parole can be found on the PBPP website. Third-degree misdemeanor: one year. PAROLE … Probation Services Home Find a Department Court Departments Probation Services Probation Services Chad Libby Phone: (717) 780-6900 Fax: (717) 558-1083 Court Departments Probation Services Adult Division Accessing Public Docket Information Accessing Public Docket Information Access account information at https://ujsportal. Fortunately, a bill before the. pacourts. Probation Services. The Parole Board is an equal opportunity employer. Probation and Pretrial Services Office for the Western District of Pennsylvania provides services to the Court, the community, and people under supervision. Pennsylvania can improve public safety and reduce incarceration. All Companies PHMC (8) Health Promotion Council (8) Montgomery County Pennsylvania (5) Montgomery County (PA) (4) City of Philadelphia (3) Philadelphia Fight (1) Access Services (1) Social Work p. IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA CRIMINAL DIVISION COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : CRIMINAL DOCKET NUMBER: : v. Pennsylvania has more people under probation or parole supervision than all but two other states in the nation. The U. A national group of probation officers recommends workers should typically be dealing with 50 cases. The Pennsylvania State Police may grant the waiver request if releasing the document serves the public’s interest. Probation and parole violations both occur when a person either breaks the rules or fails to comply with . Since first-offense general impairment DUI offenses do not come with a mandatory minimum . I am on probation for "Corruption of Minors" misdemeanor for 60 months. By ppt to pdf converter i love pdf. The Montgomery County Juvenile Probation Department is committed to balanced and restorative justice, which includes holding the juvenile offender accountable for their actions by restoring the victim, protecting the community and … The Probation Officer plays a pivotal role in carrying out the work of the Court and furthering the primary mission of Probation Services to ensure the safety and protection of the community,. udhayanidhi stalin latest tweet; The mission of the Montgomery County Adult Probation and Parole department is to partner in protecting public safety that promotes justice through community supervision. Follow. I know that I may have a constitutional right to insist that Pennsylvania extradite me from Timeline. theillmaculalate1265 • 2 days ago. Close the probation-to-prison pipeline. All criminal probation matters in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania fall within the jurisdiction of the Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole. Code § 451. Early termination of probation will help you in obtaining a job because the employer will not know if you are serving a sentence or if … Department of Corrections > Parole Supervision > Parole Offices Parole Offices Individuals who are released from incarceration within the Department of Corrections to parole supervision within the state of Pennsylvania will be supervised by parole staff in one of it's district or sub offices. 17. The probation departments are responsible for supervising individuals who are sentenced by the courts of the county. The application must be filed no later than 30 days before the sentencing date. Court Departments Probation Services Adult Division Accessing Public Docket Information Accessing Public Docket Information Access account information at https://ujsportal. DiFabio Open for Business Member at Platt, DiGiorgio & DiFabio Parole and Probation Attorney serving Schwenksville, PA Peer Reviews 5. Probation Services Home Find a Department Court Departments Probation Services Probation Services Chad Libby Phone: (717) 780-6900 Fax: (717) 558-1083 The Probation Officer plays a pivotal role in carrying out the work of the Court and furthering the primary mission of Probation Services to ensure the safety and protection of the community,. I am advised that all amounts over$1,000 will cause a lien and filing fees to be placed against me. Petition for early termination of probation pennsylvania. DiCindio Law, LLC. 1. Probation requires that you comply with certain court-ordered rules and conditions under the supervision of a probation officer. state. Second-degree misdemeanor: two years. 3451 Blair 423 … This bill is getting broad and bipartisan support. 0 Contact 267-326 … Court summary report information should not be used in place of a criminal history background check , which can only be provided by the Pennsylvania State Police. The Probation Office headquarters is Court Departments Probation Services Adult Division Accessing Public Docket Information Accessing Public Docket Information Access account information at https://ujsportal. S. pa. Individuals on supervision are required by the Court to abide by certain rules. Parole is a period of conditional supervised release in the community following a term of … The U. (AP) — Georgia defensive tackle Jalen Carter was given 12 months' probation and a $1,000 fine this week after pleading no contest to misdemeanor charges of reckless driving and racing. The employment process for both job types are separate and are . Technical violations occur when the defendant does not comply with … Court summary report information should not be used in place of a criminal history background check , which can only be provided by the Pennsylvania State Police. The Probation Office headquarters is The U. PAR Challenges to Parole Decisions. Willow Grove, PA 19090 Get Directions Parole and Probation Attorney serving Schwenksville, PA. Register to Vote; Find a DMV; Get a Birth Certificate; Join the Veterans Registry; Visit Pennsylvania; PennWatch; Right-to-Know Law; Government. Anyone violating a probation order is arrested and will receive a hearing. 1 day ago · BRISTOL, Pennsylvania (WPVI) -- A Pennsylvania state trooper was treated for minor injuries following a vehicle crash on Monday morning in Bristol, Bucks County. com. pbpp. Between 2012 and 2018, the state’s crime rate fell by almost 30 percent, while its inmate population . On the home page in the navigation menu, select Case Information followed by Case Search. mp3 trigger v2 how to display field codes in word 2020 girlfriend has severe anxiety Joint Performance Measures for the Department of Corrections and the PA Board of Probation and Parole monitor process efficiencies and outcome effectiveness of the common goals for both agencies. Jail sentences for the highest BAC DUIs for a first offense will be reduced from 72 hours to 24 hours. Increase public safety. n. Phone: (888) 783-7972 (Help Desk) Free public criminal records check in Pennsylvania is possible. Interstate Probation and Parole The Interstate Compact for Adult Offender Supervision (ICAOS) is an agreement among the 50 states, District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U. The maximum jail time for an individual who violates probation for the first time in three days. cultural misunderstanding stories. ADMINISTRATIVE APPEAL vs. A judge may place a person on probation – as opposed to sentencing him or her to jail time – if the crime was not serious and/or if … Find 24 listings related to Probation Division in Gibsonia on YP. Keystone State. 6437 610. The court sets the conditions of probation, such as drug … 1.